Experiments Leadership Day

6th	Project Name	Description	Resources	Responsible
	VOLCANO ERUPT	Objective The "how to make a volcano" science project is designed to help young students learn more about earth science by looking specifically at volcanoes. We'll also learn how common household items can be used to build useful models, with an element of creativity required to make the model realistic. Hopefully we'll discover a few new science terms along the way as well. The experiment is done in two steps. First, we figure out how to make a volcano, and then we look at fun ways to make it erupt. Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XwePE4D7Llw	Materials - 1 newspaper - 1-2 cups flour, depending on the volcano size desired - 1-2 cups water - 1 medium size bowl - 1 fork or spoon to stir with - 1 pair of scissors - 1 roll scotch or masking tape - 1 small plastic bag - 1 pencil or marker - 1 plastic or glass bottle - 1 medium size box - Paint - Birthday candle (pyroclastic material) - 1 medium size paint brush, (a couple more if you have several helpers) - Rocks, sticks, tips of pine trees or shrubs and anything else you would like to use to decorate the volcano with to make it more realistic.	Tutor and Students
	VOLCANO ERUPT IN THE OCEAN	When you hear about a volcano erupting, what do you think is going on? If you're like us, you think of red hot chunks of rock being hurled thousands of feet in the air, flows of liquid magma, and plumes of smoke. That's not always the case. Some volcanoes erupt underwater and their smoking hot by-products are immediately cooled. With the Storm in a Cup, you can see what happens underwater on a smaller, safer scale. – Experiment     Place a small piece (about 1" x 1") of wax in the bottom of a glass beaker. Try to get it as close to the center of the beaker as possible.     Pour enough sand into the beaker to completely cover the cube of wax.     Slowly pour water into the beaker until the cup is nearly full. Don't fill it up all the way or you might have some spillage.     Place the beaker onto a burner or hot plate and turn the heat on to a medium-high temperature setting.     Now the fun part… observe! As the wax heats beneath the sand, it melts and finds its way out of the sandy trap. How Does It Work? The core of the earth has liquid hot magma that, on occasion, erupts through the crust. The volcanic eruptions we generally think of occur on land and result in the sky-high smoke plumes and lava flows that we see on the news. Now think about how much of the earth's crust is exposed land compared to how much is underwater. Nearly 80% of all volcanic eruptions occur underwater, but until scientists got footage of an underwater eruption in 2009, we had no idea what they looked like. With the Volcano in a Cup, you recreate liquid hot magma by heating wax that is covered by sand. The liquid hot wax bubbles through the sand and causes miniature eruptions in the surface of the sand as it does so. Think of each bubble in the sand's surface as an underwater volcano. When the wax bubbles through the surface of the sand, it is met by much colder water that cools the wax and causes it to harden. - See more at: http://www.stevespanglerscience.com/lab/experiments/volcano-in-a-cup-erupting-wax#sthash.ypTmRFlh.dpuf http://www.stevespanglerscience.com/lab/experiments/volcano-in-a-cup-erupting-wax	Materials Burner or hot plate Sand Wax Heat-proof glass beaker(Pyrex) Water Change. what changes has originated? Function Why is it important? How is this originated/ Connection what is the relationship with the world? Reflection. What is your opinion about it?	Tutor and Students
	TECTONIC PLATES	Plate Tectonics Using modern equipment, scientists known as oceanographers have been able to measure and map out the ocean floor. What these scientists have discovered has helped explain how it is that continents are able to move around on the Earth’s crust. Located deep beneath the waves on the ocean floor almost exactly halfway between the continents are raised areas known as ridges. These ridges are similar to under-water mountain ranges. At other locations we find extremely deep trenches, some reaching many thousands of feet in depth. Many scientists believe that the ridges represent areas where new crust is being formed as hot magma escapes from the Earth’s core and spreads outward. As the seafloor spreads outward away from the area where magma is being released, the continents are carried across the sea, riding on top of the sima crust. Ocean Ridges As new crust is created, older crust submerges back into the mantle, being melted once again. It is believed that the deep ocean trenches are locations where crust is being lowered back into the Earth’s core. The amount of time that it takes for crust to be created and later destroyed is approximately 100 million years. Thus, most crust has a lifetime of around 100 million years. Because continents do not fall back into the Earth’s mantle, they survive much longer. Many parts of the continents we see today are almost as old as the Earth itself. As new crust is created in a particular location on Earth, it forms what resembles giant plates. One side of the plate is where new crust is being created, while the other side is where older crust is being destroyed. Geologists refer to this process as plate tectonics. As we study plate tectonics, a picture emerges of very old continents riding on top of much younger and ever moving plates. These plates move extremely slowly, at a rate of only about 10 cm per year. Source: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/172403491960420675/ https://www.pinterest.com/pin/172403491960420675/ https://www.pinterest.com/pin/476748310528878779/	Materials Aluminum square pan Saltinas cookies Milk Brown colorant Key concepts What is a tectonic plate? Why tectonic plates moves? How the mountains were formed? How the earthquakes are originated? What can we do in case of an earthquake?	Tutor and Students
	DENSITY	Discovering density has never been more colorful, or fun! The Sugar Rainbow is a creative and engaging method of teaching about how different densities will stack atop each other. There’s even an additional lesson about adhesion and cohesion! Combine gorgeous colors and awesome science with a little bit of sugar and water! Experiment     Fill each of the 6 glasses with water.     Using coloring tablets or food coloring to dye the water in each glass a different color.     Add sugar, in teaspoon increments, to each of the 6 glasses of colored water. Stir the glasses until the sugar is dissolved.     Dip the straw in the water with no sugar in it and cap the end with your thump. Remove the straw and move to the water with 1 teaspoon of sugar. Again, cap the end, remove the straw, and move to the next glass. CAREFUL! Uncapping the straw when it’s out of water means you’ll need to start all over! Take It Further Try using a turkey baster as a replacement for the straw. Try layering the colored sugar water in a larger glass to create an even bigger rainbow! How Does It Work? Density is the measurement of how much "stuff" is packed into a specific space. That's how we get the equation for density. Density = Mass (stuff) ÷ Volume (space). Nearly every substance and material imaginable has a different density. This is especially the case for the solutions you make out of sugar and water. By varying the amount of sugar in the solution but keeping the water consistent in the different glasses, you create solutions that have different densities. The more sugar is mixed into a water-based solution, the higher the density of that solution. FUN FACT: a dramatic salt water density change can be experienced in real life. While humans will (sort of) float in the oceans of the world, we really float in lakes like Utah's Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea in Israel and the West Bank. It’s because of all the salt! So density explains why the liquids stack atop each other inside of the straw, but how do the liquids stay in the straw? That has to be water wizardry! You expect the solutions to pour out of the straw as you remove the straw from being submerged. However, thanks to cohesion (like molecules attracting each other) and adhesion (different molecules attracting each other), there is surface tension at the bottom of the straw. The surface tension is strong enough to hold the solutions in the straw… as long as air pressure isn't added to the equation. That's why you need your thumb to cap the straw. This removes air pressure from pushing down on the solutions in the straw. Remove your thumb and the added pressure forces the solutions out. - See more at: http://www.stevespanglerscience.com/lab/experiments/sugar-rainbow#sthash.EHB7lIsB.dpuf	Materials     Granulated sugar (we found the best results using Imperial Sugar and Dixie Crystals)     Coloring tablets or food coloring              Water     Clear drinking straw     6 glasses     Measuring spoon     Adult supervision What is density? How does it work? Why is it important? How is connected with the world? What do I think about it? - See more at: http://www.stevespanglerscience.com/lab/experiments/sugar-rainbow#sthash.EHB7lIsB.dpuf	Tutor and Students
	ELECTROLYSIS BY REVERSE OSMOSIS	REVERSE OSMOSIS Why does the water change color? It is simply explained :     Reverse Osmosis (RO ) water contains very little to no minerals .     This water does not conduct electricity since to conduct electricity minerals need to be present in the water.     When electricity is not present then none of the chemical reactions can occur. Therefore no discoloration will be visible in the RO water. Relative to water which contains no minerals.     The water they compare the RO water to contains minerals.     These minerals will allow electricity to flow as current through the water.     This subsequently allows the precipitation and an electrochemical reaction to take place which discolors the water. The change in color can show up as a grey precipitate or brown sludge.     This color change is normal and can be expected. WHAT YOU MAY BE TOLD…. Because there is no reaction with the RO water, salespeople could claim that the RO water is less contaminated and that other so-called purified waters, bottled waters or tap waters are dirty and contain unhealthy levels of impurities. What you may not be aware of is that there are naturally occurring minerals in purified or bottled water. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_osmosis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_osmosis://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fQOiuxl87Mw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YWMgdHQl1Sw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=axSkJa6IGes	Materials Test water Natural water Mineral water Purified water What is water How is its form Why all living things need it? Do we have different types of fresh water? What is reverse osmosis and why we use it? What should we do?	Tutor and Students
	LASER BEAM REFLECTION	Ending a Laser Beam: Using a laser source and a water tank with a tap, we demonstrated students the total internal reflection and guiding of a laser beam, to give an idea about light guiding in optical fibers. Hit the Target Game: It is a simple game of hitting certain targets with a laser beam, using a laser source and mirrors. It has been a very suitable game for Middle School kids to experiment reflection, a basic property of light, challenge each other and have fun. Number of players: 2+ Activity: Use the scissors to cut a narrow vertical opening at one end of the shoe box. Fill the jar with water. Put the jar in the shoe box with a corner of the jar against the opening. Turn off the lights and pull the curtains to make the room as dark as possible for the best results. Turn on the torch and hold it against the opening so that the beam of light shines straight through to the jar of water. Watch the light bend, right before your eyes! Notes     This is called refraction. Refraction occurs here due to the light moving more slowly through water than through air. When the light enters the water it slows and bends. When the light exits the water, it speeds up and bends again. Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ifbCsha7Syc	materials     Water     Scissors     Small rectangular box or shoe box     Square or rectangular jar     Torch Does the light go in the same direction? Why the water acts like a mirror or reflect?	Tutor and Students
	COLORED FLOWER (contamination)	Make Colored Flowers     Trim the stems of your flowers so they aren't excessively long.          Make a slanted cut at the base of the stem under water. The cut is slanted so that the stem won't sit flat on the bottom of the container. A flat cut can prevent the flower from taking in water. Make the cut underwater to prevent air bubbles from forming in the tiny tubes at base of the stem, which would prevent water/color from being drawn up.          Add food coloring to a glass. You're looking at about 20-30 drops of food coloring per half cup of warm water. Warm water will be taken more readily than cold water.          Set the damp stem of the flower in the colored water. The petals should become colored after a few hours. It may take as long as 24 hours, however, depending on the flower.          You can set the colored flowers in plain water or flower preservative, but they will continue to drink water, changing the pattern of the color over time. Getting Fancy You can slit the stem up the middle and put each side in a different color to get bi-colored flowers. What do you think you will get if you put half of the stem in blue dye and half in yellow dye? What do you think will happen if you take a colored flower and put its stem in dye of a different color? How It Works A few different processes are involved in plant 'drinking' or transpiration. As water evaporates from flowers and leaves, the attractive force between water molecules called cohesion pulls more water along. Water is pulled up through tiny tubes (xylem) that run up a plant's stem. Although gravity might want to pull the water back down toward the ground, water sticks to itself and these tubes. This capillary action keeps water in the xylem in much the same way as water stays in a straw when you suck water through it, except evaporation and biochemical reactions provide the initial upward pull. Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y9hprlmck44 http://chemistry.about.com/od/colorchemistryprojects/a/coloredflowers.htm	Materials Fresh flowers, preferably white - don't use wilted flowers since they might not be able to absorb water well. Good choices include daisies and carnations. Do the flowers absorb anything? How the flowers absorb? How it changes? What is our responsibility? Connection Which one could be the problem associated with that? It happen the same thing in any vegetable?	Tutor and Students
	DRY ICE BOO BUBBLE	Experiment     Use a utility blade (like a box cutter) to carefully cut the top off of the two liter bottle. Make sure the the hole in the top of the two liter bottle is not larger than the funnel you'll be using.     Attach a length of rubber tubing to the narrow end of the funnel by squeezing the funnel into the tubing.     Use the utility blade to cut a hole in the bottom of a small plastic portion cup just large enough to fit the rubber tubing.     Slide the end of the rubber tubing (not attached to the funnel) into the hole in the portion cup.     Mix up a batch of your favorite bubble solution in a cup that is large enough to fit your portion cup. (View our recipe here.)     Fill 1/6 of the two liter bottle with warm water and add in a few pieces of dry ice.     Place the funnel over the hole in the two liter bottle. Awesome! The smoke comes pouring out of the tube! If you adjust how much of the hole is covered by the funnel, you'll see a change in the pressure of the smoke coming from the tubing. Once you’ve figured out a comfortable pressure, remove the funnel.     Dunk the portion cup into the bubble solution and cover the top of the bottle with the funnel and watch what happens!     When the bubble reaches the perfect size, gently shake it off of the portion cup and it will quickly fall to the ground (it’s heavier than a normal bubble because the bubble is filled with carbon dioxide gas and water vapor).     When the bubble hits the ground, it bursts and the cloud of fog erupts from the bubble. Very cool.     Want your Boo Bubbles to last? Shake them onto a towel! Touchable Boo Bubbles! Purchase a pair of Bubble Gloves (100% cotton gloves also work well). Blow a Boo Bubble about the size of a baseball. Bounce the bubble off of your gloves. Try bouncing the bubble off of your shirt or pants. As you’ll soon see, some fabrics work better than others. How Does It Work? Dry ice is frozen carbon dioxide. When you drop pieces of dry ice into water, you get a wicked-cool combination of carbon dioxide gas and water vapor that bubbles out of the water. The creation of gas inside the two liter bottle quickly becomes too much volume for the two liter bottle to contain and the dry ice smoke flows over. By capping the two liter bottle with a funnel, the smoke builds pressure as it is forced into a more confined area. This pressure pushes the smoke through the tube, creating a flow of smoke that fills the bubbles. Steve Spangler combined the idea of filling bubbles with dry ice fog with his Bouncing Bubble activity to create a Bouncing Boo Bubble. While blowing bubbles indoors, you might have noticed the occasional bubble that fell to the carpet but didn’t pop. Regular bubbles burst when they come in contact with just about anything. Why? A bubble’s worst enemies are oil and dirt. Boo Bubbles will bounce off of a surface if it is free of oil or dirt particles that would normally break down the soap film. They break when they hit the ground, but they don't break if they land on a softer fabric like gloves or a towel.  See more at: http://www.stevespanglerscience.com/lab/experiments/boo-bubbles-dry-ice-science#sthash.qQWNvZrz.dpuf	Materials     Boo Bubbles Generator (optional if you don't want to build one yourself)                 Two liter bottle     Dry ice(ask the front desk at your local grocers)     Heavy duty glove     Funnel     Strip of cotton fabric     Rubber tubing     Dish soap     Utility blade (box cutter)     Small plastic portion cups (2 oz works best)     Towel     Bubble gloves     Safety glasses     Adult supervision What is dry ice? How is the form? What is the proper function of this gas? Why is like that? How is connected with us? What is our reflection about it?	Tutor and Students
	MORE ICE FROM WATER	Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_spike https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7NCEJqFC1uw	Materials Distilled water Ice Ice cooler. Recipient Is this true? Why this happen? How does it work?
	COHESION WITH WATER	Experiment     Plastic mesh bags come in all shapes and sizes. The mesh bags used to sell small onions or cloves of garlic seem to work well. Cut a piece of mesh from the bag large enough to drape over the mouth of the bottle.     Stretch the mesh over the bottle and use a rubber band to secure it in place.     Fill the bottle with water by pouring the water through the screen. This proves to your friends that the water easily flows through the screen. Fill the bottle almost to the very top.     Cover the bottle with an index card. Hold the card in place as you turn the card and the bottle upside down. Slowly remove the card from the opening and the water mysteriously stays in the bottle. Oh, did we mention that you should probably hold the bottle over the bucket? Or you can just hold the bottle over your friend who is holding the bucket.     Tip the bottle slightly to the left or right and the water will fall. Shake the bottle and the water will fall. Touch the screen and the water will fall. It might be a good idea to tell your friends about this so they have a chance to run.     If you have a very steady hand, try this. While the bottle is turned upside down and the water is defying gravity, gently feed a toothpick through one of the screen holes without breaking the water seal and watch it float to the surface. Okay, this is easier said than done, but be sure to watch the video of Steve Spangler doing this. - See more at: http://www.stevespanglerscience.com/lab/experiments/water-screen#sthash.pRZWfFiK.dpuf	Materials     Plastic mesh bag used for produce at the grocery store     Wide mouth bottle     Rubber band     Index card     Pitcher of water     Bucket to catch the falling water Why the water doesn’t come out? How this is useful in normal life? Perspective. Could we do the same thing in a large scale? - See more at: http://www.stevespanglerscience.com/lab/experiments/water-screen#sthash.pRZWfFiK.dpuf	Tutor and Students
	THE LEAK PROOF BAG	Experiment Before we let you loose on demonstrating this experiment for an audience, it would probably be best to practice this over a sink, outside, or at a friend's house. Just don't make Mom mad by allowing her to come home to water puddles in the living room.     If you have your pencils, make sure they are sharpened to a point. The sharper, the better. If they're already sharpened… shucks… move to step 2!     Fill a zipper-lock bag between 1/2 and 3/4-full with water. Cold, warm… it doesn't particularly matter.     Now for the fun part, ask your audience what would happen if you tried to push one of these pencils through the water-filled bag? Odds are that you'll have more than one look of fear or skepticism. You might even have some people running for their ponchos and galoshes.     Here comes the real scary part! Hold the pencil in one hand and the top of the bag in your other hand. Slowly, but firmly, push one of the sharpened pencils through one side of the bag. Weird… no water came gushing out!     Push the pencil through the other side of the bag, too. Nothing happens. Sweet!     NOTE: Do not, I repeat, do not push the pencil all the way through either side of the bag. As soon as the eraser gets past the bag, you'll have a big, wet mess on your hands… er… floors.          From here, you can keep demonstrating your science "spear-it" by repeating this feat with the other sharpened pencils!     Once you're finished, hold the bag over a sink and remove the pencils. The water will come pouring out of the holes. - See more at: http://www.stevespanglerscience.com/lab/experiments/leak-proof-bag#sthash.EhZ4zeW3.dpuf	Materials     Sharpened pencils     Zipper-lock plastic bags     Water     Paper towels Why the bag doesn’t break? Does any material or liquid that helps to not breaking? Can we do with other material? - See more at: http://www.stevespanglerscience.com/lab/experiments/leak-proof-bag#sthash.EhZ4zeW3.dpuf	Tutor and Students